Colorado v. Connelly

Colorado v. Connelly was a 1986 decision by the United States Supreme Court that was initiated by Francis Connelly, who insisted that a schizophrenic episode rendered him incompetent, nullifying his waiver of his Miranda rights.

Background
Francis Connelly approached a police officer and expressed interest in talking about a murder that he committed. After being read his rights, Mr. Connelly continued to want to confess to the murder, so a detective was called. The detective repeated Mr. Connelly's rights again, but Mr. Connelly remained willing to discuss the murder. Mr. Connelly then waived his right to counsel, and described the details of the murder.

Soon afterwards, the court determined that Mr. Connelly was not of sound enough mind to stand trial, and was given six months of therapy. After the six months was completed, Mr. Connelly stood trial. During the trial, the psychiatrist that evaluated Mr. Connelly testified that he believed that God told him to confess to the murder, or commit suicide. The lower court ruled that Mr. Connelly's waiver of his Miranda rights was made when he was incompetent due to his mental illness, so the confession of Mr. Connelly was not permitted in court.

The case then went to the Colorado Supreme Court, where the local court's decision was upheld. The evidence of Mr. Connelly's confession was suppressed under the due process clause of the Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution.

Result
Connelly significantly changed the voluntariness standard - the test used to determine the admissibility of confessions under the due process clauses of the Fifth and Fourteenth Amendments. Before Connelly the test was whether the confession was voluntary considering the totality of the circumstances. "Voluntary" carried its everyday meaning: the confession had to be a product of the exercise of the defendant's free will rather than police coercion. After Connelly the totality of circumstances test is not even triggered unless the defendant can show coercive police conduct. Questions of free will and rational decision making are irrelevant to a due process claim unless police misconduct existed and a causal connection can be shown between the misconduct and the confession.